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| The Man of Law |
Well, even though the Man of Law claimed his plan was to chronicle his tale in prose, he recounts it in complex seven-line rhyme-royal stanzas. The prologue of the tale appears to begin almost as a lament against poverty, its detriments and adversities, but then the narrative merges into a commentary on the prosperity of wealthy men. The Man of Law tells of a merchant who told him the story which he will now recount.
The Man of Law's Tale
The First Part:
Syrian merchants who were known for trading in excellent wares, took a journey to Rome and, while staying in that bustling city, learned of the renown of the beautiful, virtuous Lady Cunstance, the Emperor's daughter.
Now, when the merchants returned from Rome, they brought news to the Sultan of Syria about the lovely Lady Cunstance, and the Sultan determined to have her for his own. Then there comes a kind of prophecy:
"Perhaps in that large book
Which men call the heaven was written
In
stars, when he was born,
That
he because of love should have his death, alas!
For
in the stars, clearer than is glass,
Is written, God knows, whoever could read it,
Is written, God knows, whoever could read it,
The
death of every man, without doubt.
In
stars, many a winter before then,
Was
written the death of Hector, Achilles,
Of
Pompey, Julius, before they were born;
The
strife of Thebes; and of Hercules,
Of
Sampson, Turnus, and of Socrates
The
death; but men's wits are so dull
That no person can well interpret it
fully."
And in Middle English:
"Paraventure
in thilke large book
Which
that men clepe the hevene ywriten was
With
sterres, whan that he his birthe took,
That
he for love sholde han his deeth, allas!
For
in the sterres, clerer than is glas,
Is
writen, God woot, whoso koude it rede,
The
deeth of every man, withouten drede.
In
sterres, many a wynter therbiforn,
Was
writen the deeth of Ector, Achilles,
Of
Pompei, Julius, er they were born;
The
strif of Thebes; and of Ercules,
Of
Sampson, Turnus, and of Socrates
The
deeth; but mennes wittes ben so dulle
That
no wight kan wel rede it atte fulle."
There is a problem, however. The Sultan is a Muslim, and Custance is a Christian, and what good Roman Christian would give his daughter to a Muslim? So the Sultan and all his vassalage, agree to convert, so he can take Cunstance in marriage.
When it comes time for Lady Custance to depart for her new home and husband, she is filled with sadness and regret:
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| The Silk Merchants Edwin Lord Weeks source Wikiart |
When it comes time for Lady Custance to depart for her new home and husband, she is filled with sadness and regret:
Alas,
what wonder is it though she wept,
She
who shall be sent to a foreign nation
From
friends who so tenderly cared for her,
And
to be bound under subjection
By
one, (of whom) she knows not his character?
Husbands
are all good, and have been for years;
Wives know that; I dare say you no
more.
Allas,
what wonder is it thogh she wepte,
That
shal be sent to strange nacioun
Fro
freendes that so tendrely hire kepte,
And
to be bounden under subjeccioun
Of
oon, she knoweth nat his condicioun?
Housbondes
been alle goode, and han ben yoore;
That knowen wyves; I dar sey yow na moore.
That knowen wyves; I dar sey yow na moore.
Yet even though she dreads her fate, she will gladly go because of obedience to her parents and for her love of God. She claims though, that Mars has slain her marriage, which is interesting as Mars is the god of war. I wonder if this allusion will play into the story later on?
So while the Sultain awaits his bride, the Sultan's mother is irate that her son is going to forsake his beliefs. She acquires the support of the council to pretend to accept Christianity before slaying all the Christians at the wedding banquet. The narrator compares the Sultaness with Satan, in her quest to destroy what is pure and virtuous.
The Muslims massacre all the Christians, including both the ones from Rome, the Sultan, and those of his party who were planning to convert. However Lady Custance is left alive, to be set afloat on a ship, to survive with minimal provisions, if she is able. She is afloat for many years and we are told that God kept her alive to show his works in her, and so follows a list of historical people whom God has kept from harm. Finally, she is tossed onto the coast of Northumberland near a castle and, disoriented and pitiful, is found by the constable of the castle, who takes her to his wife, Hermengild.
Through Lady Custance's prayers and sweet character, the good lady is converted in this land full of pagans, from where Christians had already fled, and hence, her husband also. But Satan, ever up to his mischief, makes a knight fall in love with Custance and want his way with her, but Cunstance guards her virtue and will not be swayed by his amorous advances. The knight, enraged at her resistance, kills Hermengild by slitting her throat and places the knife by the sleeping Cunstance. The constable and King Alla return and see the murdered woman. Everyone is shocked that the virtuous lady Cunstance could commit such a horrible deed yet the knight testifies against her, so what can be done? But lo, as he swears the truth on the Bible, a hand smites him on the neck and his eyes burst out of his head, while a voice is heard condemning the slander and praising Cunstance. Because of this miracle, many were saved, including the king, who married Cunstance and made her a queen.
This king's mother too, is against the marriage to a "foreigner". When the king is away and Custance is delivered of a son, through some macchinations, a letter is delivered to the king telling him his wife has delivered a monstrous infant and that no one wanted to go near the castle. The king, with his new Christian charity, claims that he will accept the child whether fair or foul. Again, the king's mother, with her evil servant, Donegild, intercepts the king's letter and instead, it is said that he banishes Cunstance from the kingdom. Custance accepts her fate, secure in her faith, but prays for protection for her innocent babe.
When king Alla returns, he learns of the wretched deed done to his wife and son, and he has his mother slain for her troubles. But he is left to mourn for Cunstance, who sails for five years, reaches another heathen land, has her virtue once again targeted by a lecherous male, and is protected by God as the man falls into the sea and drowns. Finally, she is picked up by a Roman ship returning from a battle with the Syrians over the slaying of the Christians, and when she reaches Rome, she abides with a senator and his wife.
Now King Alla is remorseful for the slaying of his mother and decides to make a pilgrimage to Rome to receive his penance. He is befriended by the senator, first sees his child then his wife there, and is moved to tears of joy. Lady Cunstance is at first wary, as she remembers his treachery, but when the truth is known to her, she rejoices at their reunion. She makes peace with her father and returns to England, where she lives in bliss with her husband until he dies a year later. To Rome she then goes to live with her father happily, and her son, Maurice, eventually becomes a respected Emperor.
I absolutely loved this story. Lady Cunstance is painted in saintly form, and I suppose that people could criticize that she's too perfect. But I always believe that the purpose of these types of stories were to teach, and while Cunstance is "perfect," there is often nothing but turmoil happening around her, so in these cases, the storytellers are instructing us in the right responses in times of trouble and strife, while also illustrating the benefits that can come from our right actions during these times. Conversely, they also can illustrate the outcomes of wrong actions and their consequences.
Yet, even amid Cunstance's perfection, the life lessons are realistically presented:
"….. But little while it lasts, I you promise
Joy of this world, because time will not stand still;
Middle English:
A few commentaries on this tale surmise that the Lady Cunstance symbolizes "crusading fever" (or perhaps it was fervour ;-) ) but I didn't read that supposition into the tale at all. For me, the focus was on Cunstance, her virtue and her faithfulness to God no matter what her circumstances, and what comes out of that perseverance and faith. It is basically the story of a saint, and I believe Chaucer meant it to be so. But as for the narrator, that is a different story. In the General Prologue, the Man of Law was obviously an astute and respected character, yet there was some cunning and wiliness behind his demeanour. The story itself stands, but did he have another purpose for telling it?
Chaucer finishes the tale in a flourishing style:
So while the Sultain awaits his bride, the Sultan's mother is irate that her son is going to forsake his beliefs. She acquires the support of the council to pretend to accept Christianity before slaying all the Christians at the wedding banquet. The narrator compares the Sultaness with Satan, in her quest to destroy what is pure and virtuous.
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| The Sultan of Morocco (1845) Eugene Delacroix source Wikiart |
The Second Part:
The Muslims massacre all the Christians, including both the ones from Rome, the Sultan, and those of his party who were planning to convert. However Lady Custance is left alive, to be set afloat on a ship, to survive with minimal provisions, if she is able. She is afloat for many years and we are told that God kept her alive to show his works in her, and so follows a list of historical people whom God has kept from harm. Finally, she is tossed onto the coast of Northumberland near a castle and, disoriented and pitiful, is found by the constable of the castle, who takes her to his wife, Hermengild.
Through Lady Custance's prayers and sweet character, the good lady is converted in this land full of pagans, from where Christians had already fled, and hence, her husband also. But Satan, ever up to his mischief, makes a knight fall in love with Custance and want his way with her, but Cunstance guards her virtue and will not be swayed by his amorous advances. The knight, enraged at her resistance, kills Hermengild by slitting her throat and places the knife by the sleeping Cunstance. The constable and King Alla return and see the murdered woman. Everyone is shocked that the virtuous lady Cunstance could commit such a horrible deed yet the knight testifies against her, so what can be done? But lo, as he swears the truth on the Bible, a hand smites him on the neck and his eyes burst out of his head, while a voice is heard condemning the slander and praising Cunstance. Because of this miracle, many were saved, including the king, who married Cunstance and made her a queen.
This king's mother too, is against the marriage to a "foreigner". When the king is away and Custance is delivered of a son, through some macchinations, a letter is delivered to the king telling him his wife has delivered a monstrous infant and that no one wanted to go near the castle. The king, with his new Christian charity, claims that he will accept the child whether fair or foul. Again, the king's mother, with her evil servant, Donegild, intercepts the king's letter and instead, it is said that he banishes Cunstance from the kingdom. Custance accepts her fate, secure in her faith, but prays for protection for her innocent babe.
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| Young Mother With Child Lucas Cranach the Elder source Wikiart |
The Third Part:
When king Alla returns, he learns of the wretched deed done to his wife and son, and he has his mother slain for her troubles. But he is left to mourn for Cunstance, who sails for five years, reaches another heathen land, has her virtue once again targeted by a lecherous male, and is protected by God as the man falls into the sea and drowns. Finally, she is picked up by a Roman ship returning from a battle with the Syrians over the slaying of the Christians, and when she reaches Rome, she abides with a senator and his wife.
Now King Alla is remorseful for the slaying of his mother and decides to make a pilgrimage to Rome to receive his penance. He is befriended by the senator, first sees his child then his wife there, and is moved to tears of joy. Lady Cunstance is at first wary, as she remembers his treachery, but when the truth is known to her, she rejoices at their reunion. She makes peace with her father and returns to England, where she lives in bliss with her husband until he dies a year later. To Rome she then goes to live with her father happily, and her son, Maurice, eventually becomes a respected Emperor.
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| Bamburgh Castle, Northmberland (1874) James Webb source Wikiart |
I absolutely loved this story. Lady Cunstance is painted in saintly form, and I suppose that people could criticize that she's too perfect. But I always believe that the purpose of these types of stories were to teach, and while Cunstance is "perfect," there is often nothing but turmoil happening around her, so in these cases, the storytellers are instructing us in the right responses in times of trouble and strife, while also illustrating the benefits that can come from our right actions during these times. Conversely, they also can illustrate the outcomes of wrong actions and their consequences.
Yet, even amid Cunstance's perfection, the life lessons are realistically presented:
"….. But little while it lasts, I you promise
Joy of this world, because time will not stand still;
From
day to night it changes like the tide.
Who lived ever in such delight one day
That he was not moved by either conscience,
Or anger, or desire, or some kind of fear,
Who lived ever in such delight one day
That he was not moved by either conscience,
Or anger, or desire, or some kind of fear,
Envy, or pride, or passion, or
offence? ……"
Middle English:
…..But
litel while it lasteth, I yow heete,
Joye of this world, for tyme wol nat abyde;
Joye of this world, for tyme wol nat abyde;
Fro
day to nyght it changeth as the tyde.
Who lyved euere in swich delit o day
That hym ne moeved outher conscience,
Or ire, or talent, or som kynnes affray,
Envye, or pride, or passion, or offence? …..
Or ire, or talent, or som kynnes affray,
Envye, or pride, or passion, or offence? …..
A few commentaries on this tale surmise that the Lady Cunstance symbolizes "crusading fever" (or perhaps it was fervour ;-) ) but I didn't read that supposition into the tale at all. For me, the focus was on Cunstance, her virtue and her faithfulness to God no matter what her circumstances, and what comes out of that perseverance and faith. It is basically the story of a saint, and I believe Chaucer meant it to be so. But as for the narrator, that is a different story. In the General Prologue, the Man of Law was obviously an astute and respected character, yet there was some cunning and wiliness behind his demeanour. The story itself stands, but did he have another purpose for telling it?
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| The Forum, as seen from the Farnese Gardens, Rome (1826) Camille Corot source Wikiart |
Chaucer finishes the tale in a flourishing style:
And fare now well! my tale is at an end.
Now Jesus Christ, that of his might may send
Joy after woe, govern us in his grace,
keep us all that are in this place! Amen
Now Jesus Christ, that of his might may send
Joy after woe, govern us in his grace,
keep us all that are in this place! Amen
Middle English:
" ... And fareth now weel! my tale is at an ende.
Now Jhesu Crist, that of his myght may sende
Joye after wo, governe us in his grace,
And kepe us alle that been in this place! Amen
Joye after wo, governe us in his grace,
And kepe us alle that been in this place! Amen
In the Epilogue, the Priest is called upon to tell the next tale, but the Shipman strongly protests saying that they all believe in God and that the sermonizing will only "sprinkle weeds in their clean grain". He states that he will tell the next tale. This is puzzling, because in the order that we're following, the next tale is The Wife of Bath's Tale. I'm sorry, but I have no idea why.
The Reeve's Tale
The Cook's Tale
The Man of Law's Tale
The Wife of Bath's Tale
The Friar's Tale
The Summoner's Tale
The Clerk's Tale
The Merchant's Tale
The Squire's Tale
The Franklin's Tale
The Physician's Tale
The Pardoner's Tale
The Shipman's Tale
The Prioress's Tale
The Tale of Sir Thopas
The Tale of Melibee
The Monk's Tale
The Nun's Priest's Tale
The Man of Law's Tale
The Wife of Bath's Tale
The Friar's Tale
The Summoner's Tale
The Clerk's Tale
The Merchant's Tale
The Squire's Tale
The Franklin's Tale
The Physician's Tale
The Pardoner's Tale
The Shipman's Tale
The Prioress's Tale
The Tale of Sir Thopas
The Tale of Melibee
The Monk's Tale
The Nun's Priest's Tale
Regarding The Shipman - here's what my edition says:
ReplyDeleteIn many, though not all, manuscripts, The Man of Law's Tale is joined to what follows by this lively epilogue. The pilgrim who interrupts the Parson is identified in most manuscripts as the Squire or the Summoner, and, in the great majority of manuscripts containing the Epilogue, The Squire's Tale follows. Yet, the rudeness of the speaker hardly fits the character of the Squire, and his disclaimer of any knowledge of Latin does not fit the Summoner, who likes to show off his few Latin phrases when he is in his cups. One late manuscript identifies the speaker as the Shipman, and in that manuscript The Shipman's Tale follows.
The Epilogue probably attests to an early draft of the Tales, when the Man of Law told the Melibee - to which the references to Latin and to "philosophie", "phislyas", and "termes queinte of lawe" seem more suitable to the tale of Cunstance - and when the next tale following that was that of the Wife of Bath, who in this early version apparently told the tale now assigned to the Shipman. The speaker#s reference to "My joly body" (II.1185) seems more suitable to a woman's such as the Wife than to a man, and The Shipman's Tale as it now stands contains several reference that indicate a feminine teller. When the Wife of Bath and the Man of Law were assigned new tales, the Epilogue was either cancelled or set aside for a later revision that it never received."
For what it's worth, I think it makes sense that the Wife's Tale comes next, however I do see the problem with the Shipman! I just thought as the Tales aren't complete Chaucer had a change of heart, because the Wife's Tale, from what I remember (not read it yet! Hoping to read tonight) it works very well following Man of Law :)
Did you enjoy the references to Northumberland in Man of Law, anyway? I was most excited! :D
Thanks for the clarification. I have a hard time following their reasoning for placing the tales ~~ I think you'd need a year's study to figure out the reasonings for the different placements in the different manuscripts.
DeleteI have to say, I really think that some of these "scholars" are stretching with their interpretations. Likening Cunstance to crusading fever was thin; yes, there was an element of Christians vs. Muslims, Cunstance mentions the god Mars (war) and she's picked up by a ship coming back from the wars, but I thought it was just a nice interweaving of the tale, not like Chaucer was trying to make a point or it was a major theme. It just was.
I just finished The Wife of Bath and I was thinking that the feminists would love the tale because it's about a woman who not only controls men, but gets their permission to do it. But, no! I find a commentary that calls it antifeminist because she chooses to marry again after her husband dies and for other curious reasons on which I'm not quite clear. Just bizzarre!
I would have been thrilled with the Northumberland references, if I had ever been there! But I read of your joy, so that gave me a smile! :-) (You noticed I sourced another photo of Bamburgh Castle ---- thanks for the heads up from your blog!)